Clinical

Cytology / cytopathology is the study of cell structure with the aim of diagnosing disease. Cytological screening for disease tends to look for abnormal cells in...

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes, particularly in relation to diseases caused by chromosome abnormalities. Studies are usually carried out in white blood...

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a reproductive technology aimed at overcoming infertility. Eggs are removed from the woman, usually after treatment with hormones...

Haematology is the study of blood, blood-forming organs and blood disease. Blood is composed of three principal cell types: red blood cells or erthyrocytes (cont...

Histology is the study of tissue morphology using light or electron microscopy. Tissue samples are generally obtained through surgery, biopsy or post mortem. Tis...

Immunology covers the examination of cells, tissues and organs of the immune system as well as the study of failures in immune function. Important areas of study...

Microbiology is the study of micro-organisms. These include bacteria, yeasts, simple fungi, algae, protozoans and viruses. Micro-organisms can infect living tiss...

Pathology is the study of disease and, in particular, the structural and functional changes that take place in cells and tissues during disease. Knowledge of the...

The genito-urinary field is wide ranging and includes the study of the organs of the reproductive and urinary systems in health and disease. Genitourinary medici...

Veterinary medicine uses diagnostic techniques that are similar to those used for human medicine. Diagnosis is, however, made even more challenging by species di...

External quality assurance (EQA) schemes for medical screening programmes aim to ensure consistently high quality diagnoses. EQA is established in cervical cance...